主讲人：施坚雅      教授

时    间：2005-05-12 17:19

地    点：逸夫科技楼报告厅

主持人：葛剑雄教授

应复旦大学历史地理研究中心主任葛剑雄教授盛情邀请，美国加州大学戴维斯分
校人类学系施坚雅教授将于5月12日下午2时在逸夫科技楼报告厅作学术报告。5
月13日下午2时，施坚雅教授将在上海社科会堂（徐家汇漕溪北路）作另一场学
术报告。两次报告均以英语进行。

报告（人）简介 ：

     施坚雅（G. William Skinner），1925年2月14日出生于美国加州奥克兰。1954年于美国康奈尔大学获人类学博士学位，先后任哥伦比亚大学社会学助教、康奈尔大学人类学副教授、教授，1965年起任斯坦福大学人类学教授，1990年至今任加州大学戴维斯分校人类学教授，其间曾任宾夕法尼亚大学、杜克大学、日本庆应大学、加州大学圣地亚哥分校、香港大学客座教授。曾在墨西哥、泰国、印度尼西亚、日本等地进行田野考察，1950-1951年曾到中国四川考察，1977年曾考察中国城市市场。1968年列名《美国名人录》，1969年被授予古根海姆学者，1980年任出席中国社科院中国社会经济史讨论会的美国代表团副团长，1980年当选为美国科学院院士，1982年列名《世界名人录》，1983-1984年任美国亚洲学会会长，1987-1989年任斯坦福大学巴巴拉•布朗宁人文科学教授，2001年获香港大学名誉法学博士。著有《东南亚华人》（1951），《社会科学与泰国》（主编，1956，泰、英文版），《泰国的华人社会史》（1957，1973日文版），《泰国华人社团的领导和权力》（1958，1961日文版，1979国际大学微缩版），《两个世界间的中国城市》（与Mark Elvin合编，1974），《中华帝国晚期的城市》（主编，1979，2000中译本）等，并发表大量研究中国社会、经济结构、社会科学研究、农村和农民、人口、民族、海外华人的论文，包括著名的《中国农村的市场和社会结构》（一、二、三部分分别刊登于《亚洲研究学刊》24卷第1、2、3期，1964年11月-1965年5月；1998年中国社会科学出版社中译本，另有日、韩译本），还发表过研究泰国社会、华人，印尼华人，日本江户时代家庭结构等方面的论文和大量书评。

ABSTRACT

    The walls of capital cities were arguably the most prominent feature
of the landscape in late imperial China and unmistakably Chinese
when compared with city walls in other civilizations. This talk is
based on provisional findings of a collaborative research project
(with Dr. Yue Zumou and Dr. Mark Henderson) to relate features of
city walls to China=s regional structure and to the spatial logic of
imperial governance. Data are drawn from the Jiaqing yitongzhi of
1820, from the Jinshen quanshu of Autumn 1893, from Guangxi
provincial gazetteers, and from over 800 local gazetteers (difang
zhi). In my book The City in Late Imperial China, I argued that the
Qing field administration was closely attuned to the realities of
regional structure within the empire, structuring the administrative
hierarchy to serve primarily revenue collection in regional cores and
defense requirements in regional frontiers. A key question here is
how differentiation in city walls fit into this broad scheme of
imperial governance. We first review the possible functions of walls
and suggest, with empire-wide data, the nature of variation by type
and level of capital and by position within the core-periphery
structure of macroregions.

For the rest, we focus sharply on the 438 cities in North China that
served as administrative capitals during the 19th century. In a
cartographic analysis we show that walls were exceptionally high
along the northwestern regional frontier and declined systematically
across the region to relatively low in the south and east. We
identify an extensive area in the one-time core on the North China
Plain where intramural areas were exceptionally large and gates
relatively many. On gates we see a trade-off operating between the
requirements of defense and the desiderata of commerce. When
locational trade advantages are maximized in a favorable terrain,
economic geographers note an empirical tendency for cities to have
six immediate neighbors and hence six major transport routes
radiating from them. On this basis, we posit six gates as the ideal
for a modest commercial city, and contrast that with the Chinese
ideological ideal of four gates, and with a military ideal of three
or even two. In North China, capitals with only 2 or 3 gates were
common along the northern and western frontier, and in a smaller zone
along the coast. For cultural reasons (North being associated with
death and the direction form which baleful influences flow), it is
the north gate that is most often missing. It is also the direction
from which invading armies come. Where pirates are a menace, the
missing gate is on the seaward side. In general we find that gates
facing the regional core are seldom missing, while those facing
danger are most likely to be absent.


5月13日下午报告题目：The Spatial Logic of Uneven Development in China

ABSTRACT
Most scholars treat level of development in China as a simple
gradient from advanced coastal provinces to backward provinces in the
western interior. This nationwide ig picture model, while not
wholly wrong, is misleading as an analytical framework, concealing
far more than it reveals. The analysis presented here conceives of
China social and economic landscape in terms of regional hierarchies
of cities and towns, each serving as the node of a regional or local
territorial system. Each level of the systems hierarchy is seen as
internally differentiated and is modeled as a core-periphery
structure. This approach, I argue, captures the phenomena of uneven
development in a manner that is both detailed and interpretable.
This talk is based on research that employs GIS technology and uses a
wide variety of socioeconomic data (for counties and townships and
for cities and towns) to pursue regional analysis at three points in
time since the beginning of Reform. I examine several indicators of
socioeconomic development and show how each varies systematically
from relatively dvanced or eveloped or odern in the urbanized
inner core to ackward or nderdeveloped or raditional in the rural
far periphery not within China as a whole but within each of nine
macroregional economies. Comparing spatial change during 1982-1990
with that during 1990-2000, I illustrate waves of development from
the urbanized inner core of the region toward the rural periphery, a
present these findings as evidence that hierarchical macroregional
economies are the arenas within which development processes unfold.
Throughout the talk, special attention is given the Lower Yangzi
macroregion, which encompasses Shanghai and most of Zhejiang,
Jiangsu, and Anhui provinces.